This paper circulates around the core theme of a) Briefly describe the basic construction of a cyclotron as well as it’s principle of operation. [15] together with its essential aspects. It has been reviewed and purchased by the majority of students thus, this paper is rated 4.8 out of 5 points by the students. In addition to this, the price of this paper commences from £ 99. To get this paper written from the scratch, order this assignment now. 100% confidential, 100% plagiarism-free.
Question1 [26 Marks]
A lot of radioisotopes used in nuclear medicine are produced in a cyclotron.
a) Briefly describe the basic construction of a cyclotron as well as it’s principle of operation. [15]
b) Give few examples of isotopes produced in the cyclotron (for SPECT and PET) and write down the nuclear reactions which are used in their production. [5]
c) What reactions can be used for the production of iodine 123 ? Which one of these is practically used for production of this isotope for medical use and why? [6]
Question 2 [12marks]
During production of a 99Mo/99mTc generator, 100 GBq of pure molybdenum 99Mo was loaded into the column on February 1-st at 12:00. Immediately after generator’s preparation the first elution was made. Subsequently, the generator was delivered to the hospital and was used clinically for the first time on February 4-th at 9:00.
Calculate:
a) The mass of 99Mo loaded during production. [3]
b) Activity of 99Mo at time of first use in the hospital [1]
c) Activity of 99mTc obtained during this elution [2]
d) Mass of technetium 99mTc in a syringe prepared for patient if activity in it is 500 MBq [3]
Explain, why activity 99mTc obtained in practice will be lower than calculated in c. [3]
Question 3 [30 marks]
a) Describe the method of registration of images in positron emission tomography and the construction of the PET-scanner [15]
b) Explain role of the CT scanner in PET-CT imaging device [5]
c) During PET imaging beside true coincidence events another “non-true” events are registered. What are the sources of these events? How do these influence the image? How can we eliminate/minimise these effects?
[10]
Question 4. [8 marks]
Describe briefly which physiological process is responsible for the accumulation of the radiopharmaceutical in :
a) 131I uptake in thyroid during hyperthyroidism therapy [2]
b) 99mTc-HMDP (biphsphonate complex) for bone scintigraphy [2]
c) 99mTc pertechnetate for thyroid scintigraphy [2]
d) 18F-FDG for PET scan [2]
Question 5 [21marks]
Localization of the sentinel lymph node with radioisotope detection is widely used in surgical practice. Please describe :
a) anatomical and physiological basis of this method [5]
b) radiopharmaceutical used in sentinel node procedure [4]
c) intraoperative probe (construction, special requirements for use in theatre)
[5]
d) typical indications for this procedure [5]
e) clinical role of this procedure [5]
